The primary way in which the Fed causes changes in the monetary base is through its open market operations. A purchase of bonds by the Fed is called an open market purand a sale of bonds by the Fed is called an open market sale.Open Market Purchase from a Bank Suppose that the Fed purchases $100 of bonds from a bank and pays for them with a $100 check. To understand what occurs as a result of this transaction, we look at T-accounts, which list only the changes that occur in balance sheet items starting from the initial balance sheet position. The bank will either deposit the check in its account with the Fed or cash it in for currency, which will be counted as vault cash. Either action means that the bank will find itself with $100 more reserves and a reduction in its holdings of securities of $100. The T-account for the banking system, then, is
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